Weather report and tables/graphs

Weather Report

A weather report is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television.
Example:
Good morning. This is Lia hani with local report. it will be foggy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However , the shower will not last for a long time. By early afternoon it will be sunny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening into the night. thank you.

Tables/graphs

Tables and graphs are visual representations. They are used to organise information to show patterns and relationships. A graph shows this information by representing it as a shape.

Researchers and scientists often use tables and graphs to report findings from their research. In newspapers, magazine articles, and on television they are often used to support an argument or point of view.

  Example:

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So, Too, Either, Neither

So and Too
The word 'so' and 'too' are useed to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.
Formula:
so + auxiliary verb + subject
subject + auxiliaey verb + too
Example:
Nadya likes playing chess. Shandy also likes playing chess.
-Nadya likes playing  chess and so does shandy
-Nadya likes playing  chess and shandy does too

either and neither

The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.
Formula:
Subject +  auxiliaey verb + not + either
neither + auxiliaey verb + subject
Example:
alvian is not doing his homework now. VIta is also not doing her homework.
-Alvian is not doing his homework now and vita is not either
-Alvian is not doing his homework now and neither is vita

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indefinite Pronouns

What are Indefinite Pronouns?

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number.
There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:

anybody	anyone
anything	everybody
everyone	everything
nobody	none
no one	nothing
somebody	someone
something

Example:

Anything is possible if you believe.

The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are:

all	another
any	both
each	either
few	many
neither	one
some	several

Examples:

Many are planning to attend the party. (In this case the identity of the group that is going to the party would have already been mentioned.)
Would you like to try some of these cookies? (The word cookies makes it clear what some is referring to.)

Not to confuse you but keep in mind the pronouns in this group can function as adjectives if nouns directly follow them.
More Examples:

Many classmates are planning to attend the party.
I checked out some books from the library.

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns
As mentioned previously indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural and the verb has to match in number. Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.

Another	Anybody
Anyone	Anything
Each	Either
Everybody	Everyone
Everything	Neither
Nobody	No one
Nothing	One
Somebody	Something
Someone

Examples:
There are three groups of participants, and each has its own requirements.
Someone special is about to arrive.

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Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Satisfaction
definition:
expression of satisfaction is when we feel satisfied with something that has been done by someone else or yourself

Expressing satisfaction
• I’m satisfied with ….
• I’m satisfied at ….
• I’m glad with what you've done

• It’s really satisfying.
• Everything was satisfying.

Dissatisfaction

Definition:

 expression of dissatisfaction is when we are not satisfied with something that has been done by someone else or yourself.

Expressing dissatisfaction

• It isn’t very nice.
• It’s really not good enough.
• I’m dissatisfied by ….
• It’s dissatisfying.
• Oh no.

 

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Public service announcements and posters

A public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. They can tout the importance of medical check-ups for children or ask you to donate to the Salvation Army's bellringers
                               

A poter is an informative and decorative way to attract  the attention to the information it contains.It is usually displayed in public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations.
Here are some ways  to use posters in a literacy program:

• To advertise events or products
• To display information or instructions
• to teach about some kinds of infomation

Example poster

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Transitions: Moreover, Furthemore, In Addition, Therefore, Consequently

Transitions connect the ideas between two sentences.moreover, furthermore and, in addition mean also. Therefore and Consequently mean as a result.
Examples:

1. Rieke is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly many people like her.
2. the test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently, many student got bad marks.
3. It is raining hard. Furthermore Ryan's house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.

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Noun Clause

A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.

Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:

• that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

• wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I see what I say? 

Examples and Observations:

• "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse."
  (E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)



• "A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students."
  (John Ciardi, Saturday Review, 1966)



• "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
  (Dorothy Parker)



• "I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright."
  (Henry David Thoreau)



• "The thought of stars contributed to the power of his feeling. What moved him was a sense of those worlds around us, our knowledge however imperfect of their nature, our sense of their possessing some grain of our past and of our lives to come."
  (John Cheever, Oh What a Paradise It Seems. Random House, 1982)



• "Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that."
  (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)



• "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality."
  (Christina Baldwin)



• "This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve."
  (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)



• "That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class--like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car--seems at the very least incongruous."
  (Edward Hoagland, "Dogs, and the Tug of Life")



• Nominal Clauses as Direct Objects
  "All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of nominal clauses (sometimes called 'noun clauses'):
  
  • I know that the students studied their assignment.
  • I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.
  These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses--in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences."
  (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)



• Noun-Clause Starters
  "We use various words to start noun clauses. . . .
  
  "These words include the word that, which in its role as a noun clause starter is not a relative pronoun, for it serves no grammatical role in the clause; it just starts the clause. For example: The committee stated that it would follow the agent's policy. Here the noun clause serves the noun role of direct object of the transitive verb stated. But a careful look at the clause reveals that the word that does not serve any role within the clause, other than simply to get it going.
  
  "Other noun clause starters do serve grammatical roles within the clause. For example: We know who caused all the trouble. Here the noun clause starter is the relative pronoun who. Notice that inside the noun clause who serves as the grammatical subject of the verb caused.
  
  "Additional words serve as noun clause starters. A relative adverb can get one going: How he won the election mystified the pundits. So can a relative pronoun acting as an adjective: We know which career she will pursue. In these two sentences, how is an adverb modifying the verb won, and which is a relative-pronoun-adjective modifying the noun career."
  (C. Edward Good, A Grammar Book for You and I--Oops, Me!. Capital Books, 2002)

 

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Genre: analytical exposition

 

General Function:

To persuade the reader or listener that something is in the case

 

General Structure:

Thesis – Argument Points – Reiteration

-    Thesis                            : Introduces the topic and indicates writer position.

-    Argument point             : The argument and elaboration.

-    Reiteration                    : Restates the writer position.

Significant Grammatical Features:

a.            Use of general nouns, abstract noun, technical verbs, relating verbs, action verbs, thinking verbs, modal verbs, and modal adverbs.

b.            Use of connectives

c.            Evaluative language

d.            Passive voices

 

 

Example:

Circuses Should Not Use Animals

Animals should not be used in circuses. The environment where they perform and their living conditions are usually inappropriate with them.

            Animals used in the circuses do not perform their natural environment. Tigers, for example, which naturally in wilderness and their preys, must perform trick on a narrow stage’s and spend their lifetime in small cage.

            Besides, the living conditions of the animals are poor. They live in such cramped conditions most of their time. They actually need plenty space to roam. They also do not have freedom to live with their own kind.

            Therefore, in the 21^st century, it seems unnecessary and even cruel to confine wild animals and train them to do tricks for the public’s amusement.

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